3 The tokenizer module in Nominatim is responsible for analysing the names given
4 to OSM objects and the terms of an incoming query in order to make sure, they
5 can be matched appropriately.
7 Nominatim offers different tokenizer modules, which behave differently and have
8 different configuration options. This sections describes the tokenizers and how
9 they can be configured.
12 The use of a tokenizer is tied to a database installation. You need to choose
13 and configure the tokenizer before starting the initial import. Once the import
14 is done, you cannot switch to another tokenizer anymore. Reconfiguring the
15 chosen tokenizer is very limited as well. See the comments in each tokenizer
20 The legacy tokenizer implements the analysis algorithms of older Nominatim
21 versions. It uses a special Postgresql module to normalize names and queries.
22 This tokenizer is automatically installed and used when upgrading an older
23 database. It should not be used for new installations anymore.
25 ### Compiling the PostgreSQL module
27 The tokeinzer needs a special C module for PostgreSQL which is not compiled
28 by default. If you need the legacy tokenizer, compile Nominatim as follows:
33 cmake -DBUILD_MODULE=on
37 ### Enabling the tokenizer
39 To enable the tokenizer add the following line to your project configuration:
42 NOMINATIM_TOKENIZER=legacy
45 The Postgresql module for the tokenizer is available in the `module` directory
46 and also installed with the remainder of the software under
47 `lib/nominatim/module/nominatim.so`. You can specify a custom location for
51 NOMINATIM_DATABASE_MODULE_PATH=<path to directory where nominatim.so resides>
54 This is in particular useful when the database runs on a different server.
55 See [Advanced installations](../admin/Advanced-Installations.md#importing-nominatim-to-an-external-postgresql-database) for details.
57 There are no other configuration options for the legacy tokenizer. All
58 normalization functions are hard-coded.
62 The ICU tokenizer uses the [ICU library](http://site.icu-project.org/) to
63 normalize names and queries. It also offers configurable decomposition and
64 abbreviation handling.
65 This tokenizer is currently the default.
67 To enable the tokenizer add the following line to your project configuration:
70 NOMINATIM_TOKENIZER=icu
75 On import the tokenizer processes names in the following three stages:
77 1. During the **Sanitizer step** incoming names are cleaned up and converted to
78 **full names**. This step can be used to regularize spelling, split multi-name
79 tags into their parts and tag names with additional attributes. See the
80 [Sanitizers section](#sanitizers) below for available cleaning routines.
81 2. The **Normalization** part removes all information from the full names
82 that are not relevant for search.
83 3. The **Token analysis** step takes the normalized full names and creates
84 all transliterated variants under which the name should be searchable.
85 See the [Token analysis](#token-analysis) section below for more
88 During query time, only normalization and transliteration are relevant.
89 An incoming query is first split into name chunks (this usually means splitting
90 the string at the commas) and the each part is normalised and transliterated.
91 The result is used to look up places in the search index.
95 The ICU tokenizer is configured using a YAML file which can be configured using
96 `NOMINATIM_TOKENIZER_CONFIG`. The configuration is read on import and then
97 saved as part of the internal database status. Later changes to the variable
100 Here is an example configuration file:
105 - "ß > 'ss'" # German szet is unambiguously equal to double ss
107 - !include /etc/nominatim/icu-rules/extended-unicode-to-asccii.yaml
110 - step: split-name-list
114 - !include icu-rules/variants-ca.yaml
117 - bridge -> bdge,br,brdg,bri,brg
120 replacements: ['ä', 'ae']
123 The configuration file contains four sections:
124 `normalization`, `transliteration`, `sanitizers` and `token-analysis`.
126 #### Normalization and Transliteration
128 The normalization and transliteration sections each define a set of
129 ICU rules that are applied to the names.
131 The **normalization** rules are applied after sanitation. They should remove
132 any information that is not relevant for search at all. Usual rules to be
133 applied here are: lower-casing, removing of special characters, cleanup of
136 The **transliteration** rules are applied at the end of the tokenization
137 process to transfer the name into an ASCII representation. Transliteration can
138 be useful to allow for further fuzzy matching, especially between different
141 Each section must contain a list of
142 [ICU transformation rules](https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/transforms/general/rules.html).
143 The rules are applied in the order in which they appear in the file.
144 You can also include additional rules from external yaml file using the
145 `!include` tag. The included file must contain a valid YAML list of ICU rules
146 and may again include other files.
149 The ICU rule syntax contains special characters that conflict with the
150 YAML syntax. You should therefore always enclose the ICU rules in
155 The sanitizers section defines an ordered list of functions that are applied
156 to the name and address tags before they are further processed by the tokenizer.
157 They allows to clean up the tagging and bring it to a standardized form more
158 suitable for building the search index.
161 Sanitizers only have an effect on how the search index is built. They
162 do not change the information about each place that is saved in the
163 database. In particular, they have no influence on how the results are
164 displayed. The returned results always show the original information as
165 stored in the OpenStreetMap database.
167 Each entry contains information of a sanitizer to be applied. It has a
168 mandatory parameter `step` which gives the name of the sanitizer. Depending
169 on the type, it may have additional parameters to configure its operation.
171 The order of the list matters. The sanitizers are applied exactly in the order
172 that is configured. Each sanitizer works on the results of the previous one.
174 The following is a list of sanitizers that are shipped with Nominatim.
176 ##### split-name-list
178 ::: nominatim_db.tokenizer.sanitizers.split_name_list
182 docstring_section_style: spacy
184 ##### strip-brace-terms
186 ::: nominatim_db.tokenizer.sanitizers.strip_brace_terms
190 docstring_section_style: spacy
192 ##### tag-analyzer-by-language
194 ::: nominatim_db.tokenizer.sanitizers.tag_analyzer_by_language
198 docstring_section_style: spacy
200 ##### clean-housenumbers
202 ::: nominatim_db.tokenizer.sanitizers.clean_housenumbers
206 docstring_section_style: spacy
208 ##### clean-postcodes
210 ::: nominatim_db.tokenizer.sanitizers.clean_postcodes
214 docstring_section_style: spacy
216 ##### clean-tiger-tags
218 ::: nominatim_db.tokenizer.sanitizers.clean_tiger_tags
222 docstring_section_style: spacy
226 ::: nominatim_db.tokenizer.sanitizers.delete_tags
230 docstring_section_style: spacy
234 ::: nominatim_db.tokenizer.sanitizers.tag_japanese
238 docstring_section_style: spacy
242 Token analyzers take a full name and transform it into one or more normalized
243 form that are then saved in the search index. In its simplest form, the
244 analyzer only applies the transliteration rules. More complex analyzers
245 create additional spelling variants of a name. This is useful to handle
246 decomposition and abbreviation.
248 The ICU tokenizer may use different analyzers for different names. To select
249 the analyzer to be used, the name must be tagged with the `analyzer` attribute
250 by a sanitizer (see for example the
251 [tag-analyzer-by-language sanitizer](#tag-analyzer-by-language)).
253 The token-analysis section contains the list of configured analyzers. Each
254 analyzer must have an `id` parameter that uniquely identifies the analyzer.
255 The only exception is the default analyzer that is used when no special
256 analyzer was selected. There are analysers with special ids:
258 * '@housenumber'. If an analyzer with that name is present, it is used
259 for normalization of house numbers.
260 * '@potcode'. If an analyzer with that name is present, it is used
261 for normalization of postcodes.
263 Different analyzer implementations may exist. To select the implementation,
264 the `analyzer` parameter must be set. The different implementations are
265 described in the following.
267 ##### Generic token analyzer
269 The generic analyzer `generic` is able to create variants from a list of given
270 abbreviation and decomposition replacements and introduce spelling variations.
274 The optional 'variants' section defines lists of replacements which create alternative
275 spellings of a name. To create the variants, a name is scanned from left to
276 right and the longest matching replacement is applied until the end of the
279 The variants section must contain a list of replacement groups. Each group
280 defines a set of properties that describes where the replacements are
281 applicable. In addition, the word section defines the list of replacements
282 to be made. The basic replacement description is of the form:
285 <source>[,<source>[...]] => <target>[,<target>[...]]
288 The left side contains one or more `source` terms to be replaced. The right side
289 lists one or more replacements. Each source is replaced with each replacement
293 The source and target terms are internally normalized using the
294 normalization rules given in the configuration. This ensures that the
295 strings match as expected. In fact, it is better to use unnormalized
296 words in the configuration because then it is possible to change the
297 rules for normalization later without having to adapt the variant rules.
301 In its standard form, only full words match against the source. There
302 is a special notation to match the prefix and suffix of a word:
305 - ~strasse => str # matches "strasse" as full word and in suffix position
306 - hinter~ => hntr # matches "hinter" as full word and in prefix position
309 There is no facility to match a string in the middle of the word. The suffix
310 and prefix notation automatically trigger the decomposition mode: two variants
311 are created for each replacement, one with the replacement attached to the word
312 and one separate. So in above example, the tokenization of "hauptstrasse" will
313 create the variants "hauptstr" and "haupt str". Similarly, the name "rote strasse"
314 triggers the variants "rote str" and "rotestr". By having decomposition work
315 both ways, it is sufficient to create the variants at index time. The variant
316 rules are not applied at query time.
318 To avoid automatic decomposition, use the '|' notation:
324 simply changes "hauptstrasse" to "hauptstr" and "rote strasse" to "rote str".
326 ###### Initial and final terms
328 It is also possible to restrict replacements to the beginning and end of a
332 - ^south => s # matches only at the beginning of the name
333 - road$ => rd # matches only at the end of the name
336 So the first example would trigger a replacement for "south 45th street" but
337 not for "the south beach restaurant".
339 ###### Replacements vs. variants
341 The replacement syntax `source => target` works as a pure replacement. It changes
342 the name instead of creating a variant. To create an additional version, you'd
343 have to write `source => source,target`. As this is a frequent case, there is
344 a shortcut notation for it:
347 <source>[,<source>[...]] -> <target>[,<target>[...]]
350 The simple arrow causes an additional variant to be added. Note that
351 decomposition has an effect here on the source as well. So a rule
357 means that for a word like `hauptstrasse` four variants are created:
358 `hauptstrasse`, `haupt strasse`, `hauptstr` and `haupt str`.
362 The 'mutation' section in the configuration describes an additional set of
363 replacements to be applied after the variants have been computed.
365 Each mutation is described by two parameters: `pattern` and `replacements`.
366 The pattern must contain a single regular expression to search for in the
367 variant name. The regular expressions need to follow the syntax for
368 [Python regular expressions](file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/library/re.html#regular-expression-syntax).
369 Capturing groups are not permitted.
370 `replacements` must contain a list of strings that the pattern
371 should be replaced with. Each occurrence of the pattern is replaced with
372 all given replacements. Be mindful of combinatorial explosion of variants.
376 The generic analyser supports a special mode `variant-only`. When configured
377 then it consumes the input token and emits only variants (if any exist). Enable
384 to the analyser configuration.
386 ##### Housenumber token analyzer
388 The analyzer `housenumbers` is purpose-made to analyze house numbers. It
389 creates variants with optional spaces between numbers and letters. Thus,
390 house numbers of the form '3 a', '3A', '3-A' etc. are all considered equivalent.
392 The analyzer cannot be customized.
394 ##### Postcode token analyzer
396 The analyzer `postcodes` is pupose-made to analyze postcodes. It supports
397 a 'lookup' variant of the token, which produces variants with optional
398 spaces. Use together with the clean-postcodes sanitizer.
400 The analyzer cannot be customized.
404 Changing the configuration after the import is currently not possible, although
405 this feature may be added at a later time.