Merge pull request #3128 from lonvia/fix-classtype-lookup

[nominatim.git] / nominatim / api / search / db_searches.py

diff --git a/nominatim/api/search/db_searches.py b/nominatim/api/search/db_searches.py
index db35f7265427b1e7b957c468556de4f67e50ec44..85dc30193f8991aaaafa02cc3031c819c609ec21 100644 (file)
--- a/nominatim/api/search/db_searches.py
+++ b/nominatim/api/search/db_searches.py
@@ -7,22 +7,53 @@
 """
 Implementation of the acutal database accesses for forward search.
 """
 """
 Implementation of the acutal database accesses for forward search.
 """

-from typing import List, Tuple, AsyncIterator
+from typing import List, Tuple, AsyncIterator, Dict, Any, Callable

 import abc
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import ARRAY, array_agg
 
 from nominatim.typing import SaFromClause, SaScalarSelect, SaColumn, \
 import abc
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import ARRAY, array_agg
 
 from nominatim.typing import SaFromClause, SaScalarSelect, SaColumn, \

-                             SaExpression, SaSelect, SaRow
+                             SaExpression, SaSelect, SaLambdaSelect, SaRow, SaBind

 from nominatim.api.connection import SearchConnection
 from nominatim.api.types import SearchDetails, DataLayer, GeometryFormat, Bbox
 import nominatim.api.results as nres
 from nominatim.api.search.db_search_fields import SearchData, WeightedCategories
 from nominatim.api.connection import SearchConnection
 from nominatim.api.types import SearchDetails, DataLayer, GeometryFormat, Bbox
 import nominatim.api.results as nres
 from nominatim.api.search.db_search_fields import SearchData, WeightedCategories

+from nominatim.db.sqlalchemy_types import Geometry

 
 #pylint: disable=singleton-comparison,not-callable
 #pylint: disable=too-many-branches,too-many-arguments,too-many-locals,too-many-statements
 
 
 #pylint: disable=singleton-comparison,not-callable
 #pylint: disable=too-many-branches,too-many-arguments,too-many-locals,too-many-statements
 

+def _details_to_bind_params(details: SearchDetails) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """ Create a dictionary from search parameters that can be used
+        as bind parameter for SQL execute.
+    """
+    return {'limit': details.max_results,
+            'min_rank': details.min_rank,
+            'max_rank': details.max_rank,
+            'viewbox': details.viewbox,
+            'viewbox2': details.viewbox_x2,
+            'near': details.near,
+            'near_radius': details.near_radius,
+            'excluded': details.excluded,
+            'countries': details.countries}
+
+
+LIMIT_PARAM: SaBind = sa.bindparam('limit')
+MIN_RANK_PARAM: SaBind = sa.bindparam('min_rank')
+MAX_RANK_PARAM: SaBind = sa.bindparam('max_rank')
+VIEWBOX_PARAM: SaBind = sa.bindparam('viewbox', type_=Geometry)
+VIEWBOX2_PARAM: SaBind = sa.bindparam('viewbox2', type_=Geometry)
+NEAR_PARAM: SaBind = sa.bindparam('near', type_=Geometry)
+NEAR_RADIUS_PARAM: SaBind = sa.bindparam('near_radius')
+COUNTRIES_PARAM: SaBind = sa.bindparam('countries')
+
+def _within_near(t: SaFromClause) -> Callable[[], SaExpression]:
+    return lambda: t.c.geometry.ST_DWithin(NEAR_PARAM, NEAR_RADIUS_PARAM)
+
+def _exclude_places(t: SaFromClause) -> Callable[[], SaExpression]:
+    return lambda: t.c.place_id.not_in(sa.bindparam('excluded'))
+

 def _select_placex(t: SaFromClause) -> SaSelect:
     return sa.select(t.c.place_id, t.c.osm_type, t.c.osm_id, t.c.name,
                      t.c.class_, t.c.type,
 def _select_placex(t: SaFromClause) -> SaSelect:
     return sa.select(t.c.place_id, t.c.osm_type, t.c.osm_id, t.c.name,
                      t.c.class_, t.c.type,


@@ -34,23 +65,20 @@ def _select_placex(t: SaFromClause) -> SaSelect:
                      t.c.geometry.ST_Expand(0).label('bbox'))
 
 
                      t.c.geometry.ST_Expand(0).label('bbox'))
 
 

-def _add_geometry_columns(sql: SaSelect, col: SaColumn, details: SearchDetails) -> SaSelect:
-    if not details.geometry_output:
-        return sql
-
+def _add_geometry_columns(sql: SaLambdaSelect, col: SaColumn, details: SearchDetails) -> SaSelect:

     out = []
 
     if details.geometry_simplification > 0.0:
     out = []
 
     if details.geometry_simplification > 0.0:

-        col = col.ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(details.geometry_simplification)
+        col = sa.func.ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(col, details.geometry_simplification)

 
     if details.geometry_output & GeometryFormat.GEOJSON:
 
     if details.geometry_output & GeometryFormat.GEOJSON:

-        out.append(col.ST_AsGeoJSON().label('geometry_geojson'))
+        out.append(sa.func.ST_AsGeoJSON(col).label('geometry_geojson'))

     if details.geometry_output & GeometryFormat.TEXT:
     if details.geometry_output & GeometryFormat.TEXT:

-        out.append(col.ST_AsText().label('geometry_text'))
+        out.append(sa.func.ST_AsText(col).label('geometry_text'))

     if details.geometry_output & GeometryFormat.KML:
     if details.geometry_output & GeometryFormat.KML:

-        out.append(col.ST_AsKML().label('geometry_kml'))
+        out.append(sa.func.ST_AsKML(col).label('geometry_kml'))

     if details.geometry_output & GeometryFormat.SVG:
     if details.geometry_output & GeometryFormat.SVG:

-        out.append(col.ST_AsSVG().label('geometry_svg'))
+        out.append(sa.func.ST_AsSVG(col).label('geometry_svg'))

 
     return sql.add_columns(*out)
 
 
     return sql.add_columns(*out)
 


@@ -70,7 +98,7 @@ def _make_interpolation_subquery(table: SaFromClause, inner: SaFromClause,
                   for n in numerals)))
 
     if details.excluded:
                   for n in numerals)))
 
     if details.excluded:

-        sql = sql.where(table.c.place_id.not_in(details.excluded))
+        sql = sql.where(_exclude_places(table))

 
     return sql.scalar_subquery()
 
 
     return sql.scalar_subquery()
 


@@ -124,12 +152,13 @@ async def _get_placex_housenumbers(conn: SearchConnection,
     t = conn.t.placex
     sql = _select_placex(t).where(t.c.place_id.in_(place_ids))
 
     t = conn.t.placex
     sql = _select_placex(t).where(t.c.place_id.in_(place_ids))
 

-    sql = _add_geometry_columns(sql, t.c.geometry, details)
+    if details.geometry_output:
+        sql = _add_geometry_columns(sql, t.c.geometry, details)

 
     for row in await conn.execute(sql):
         result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
         assert result
 
     for row in await conn.execute(sql):
         result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
         assert result

-        result.bbox = Bbox.from_wkb(row.bbox.data)
+        result.bbox = Bbox.from_wkb(row.bbox)

         yield result
 
 
         yield result
 
 


@@ -258,29 +287,27 @@ class NearSearch(AbstractSearch):
             # radius for the lookup.
             sql = sql.join(table, t.c.place_id == table.c.place_id)\
                      .join(tgeom,
             # radius for the lookup.
             sql = sql.join(table, t.c.place_id == table.c.place_id)\
                      .join(tgeom,

-                           sa.case((sa.and_(tgeom.c.rank_address < 9,
-                                            tgeom.c.geometry.ST_GeometryType().in_(
-                                                ('ST_Polygon', 'ST_MultiPolygon'))),
-                                    tgeom.c.geometry.ST_Contains(table.c.centroid)),
-                                   else_ = tgeom.c.centroid.ST_DWithin(table.c.centroid, 0.05)))\
+                           table.c.centroid.ST_CoveredBy(
+                               sa.case((sa.and_(tgeom.c.rank_address < 9,
+                                                tgeom.c.geometry.is_area()),
+                                        tgeom.c.geometry),
+                                       else_ = tgeom.c.centroid.ST_Expand(0.05))))\

                      .order_by(tgeom.c.centroid.ST_Distance(table.c.centroid))
 
                      .order_by(tgeom.c.centroid.ST_Distance(table.c.centroid))
 

+        sql = sql.where(t.c.rank_address.between(MIN_RANK_PARAM, MAX_RANK_PARAM))

         if details.countries:
         if details.countries:

-            sql = sql.where(t.c.country_code.in_(details.countries))
-        if details.min_rank > 0:
-            sql = sql.where(t.c.rank_address >= details.min_rank)
-        if details.max_rank < 30:
-            sql = sql.where(t.c.rank_address <= details.max_rank)
+            sql = sql.where(t.c.country_code.in_(COUNTRIES_PARAM))

         if details.excluded:
         if details.excluded:

-            sql = sql.where(t.c.place_id.not_in(details.excluded))
+            sql = sql.where(_exclude_places(t))

         if details.layers is not None:
             sql = sql.where(_filter_by_layer(t, details.layers))
 
         if details.layers is not None:
             sql = sql.where(_filter_by_layer(t, details.layers))
 

-        for row in await conn.execute(sql.limit(details.max_results)):
+        sql = sql.limit(LIMIT_PARAM)
+        for row in await conn.execute(sql, _details_to_bind_params(details)):

             result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = self.penalty + penalty
             result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = self.penalty + penalty

-            result.bbox = Bbox.from_wkb(row.bbox.data)
+            result.bbox = Bbox.from_wkb(row.bbox)

             results.append(result)
 
 
             results.append(result)
 
 


@@ -298,33 +325,37 @@ class PoiSearch(AbstractSearch):
                      details: SearchDetails) -> nres.SearchResults:
         """ Find results for the search in the database.
         """
                      details: SearchDetails) -> nres.SearchResults:
         """ Find results for the search in the database.
         """

+        bind_params = _details_to_bind_params(details)

         t = conn.t.placex
 
         rows: List[SaRow] = []
 
         if details.near and details.near_radius is not None and details.near_radius < 0.2:
             # simply search in placex table
         t = conn.t.placex
 
         rows: List[SaRow] = []
 
         if details.near and details.near_radius is not None and details.near_radius < 0.2:
             # simply search in placex table

-            sql = _select_placex(t) \
-                      .where(t.c.linked_place_id == None) \
-                      .where(t.c.geometry.ST_DWithin(details.near.sql_value(),
-                                                     details.near_radius)) \
-                      .order_by(t.c.centroid.ST_Distance(details.near.sql_value()))
+            def _base_query() -> SaSelect:
+                return _select_placex(t) \
+                           .where(t.c.linked_place_id == None) \
+                           .where(t.c.geometry.ST_DWithin(NEAR_PARAM, NEAR_RADIUS_PARAM)) \
+                           .order_by(t.c.centroid.ST_Distance(NEAR_PARAM)) \
+                           .limit(LIMIT_PARAM)
+
+            classtype = self.categories.values
+            if len(classtype) == 1:
+                cclass, ctype = classtype[0]
+                sql: SaLambdaSelect = sa.lambda_stmt(lambda: _base_query()
+                                                 .where(t.c.class_ == cclass)
+                                                 .where(t.c.type == ctype))
+            else:
+                sql = _base_query().where(sa.or_(*(sa.and_(t.c.class_ == cls, t.c.type == typ)
+                                                   for cls, typ in classtype)))

 
             if self.countries:
                 sql = sql.where(t.c.country_code.in_(self.countries.values))
 
             if details.viewbox is not None and details.bounded_viewbox:
 
             if self.countries:
                 sql = sql.where(t.c.country_code.in_(self.countries.values))
 
             if details.viewbox is not None and details.bounded_viewbox:

-                sql = sql.where(t.c.geometry.intersects(details.viewbox.sql_value()))
-
-            classtype = self.categories.values
-            if len(classtype) == 1:
-                sql = sql.where(t.c.class_ == classtype[0][0]) \
-                         .where(t.c.type == classtype[0][1])
-            else:
-                sql = sql.where(sa.or_(*(sa.and_(t.c.class_ == cls, t.c.type == typ)
-                                         for cls, typ in classtype)))
+                sql = sql.where(t.c.geometry.intersects(VIEWBOX_PARAM))

 
 

-            rows.extend(await conn.execute(sql.limit(details.max_results)))
+            rows.extend(await conn.execute(sql, bind_params))

         else:
             # use the class type tables
             for category in self.categories.values:
         else:
             # use the class type tables
             for category in self.categories.values:


@@ -336,24 +367,25 @@ class PoiSearch(AbstractSearch):
                                .where(t.c.type == category[1])
 
                     if details.viewbox is not None and details.bounded_viewbox:
                                .where(t.c.type == category[1])
 
                     if details.viewbox is not None and details.bounded_viewbox:

-                        sql = sql.where(table.c.centroid.intersects(details.viewbox.sql_value()))
+                        sql = sql.where(table.c.centroid.intersects(VIEWBOX_PARAM))

 
 

-                    if details.near:
-                        sql = sql.order_by(table.c.centroid.ST_Distance(details.near.sql_value()))\
-                                 .where(table.c.centroid.ST_DWithin(details.near.sql_value(),
-                                                                    details.near_radius or 0.5))
+                    if details.near and details.near_radius is not None:
+                        sql = sql.order_by(table.c.centroid.ST_Distance(NEAR_PARAM))\
+                                 .where(table.c.centroid.ST_DWithin(NEAR_PARAM,
+                                                                    NEAR_RADIUS_PARAM))

 
                     if self.countries:
                         sql = sql.where(t.c.country_code.in_(self.countries.values))
 
 
                     if self.countries:
                         sql = sql.where(t.c.country_code.in_(self.countries.values))
 

-                    rows.extend(await conn.execute(sql.limit(details.max_results)))
+                    sql = sql.limit(LIMIT_PARAM)
+                    rows.extend(await conn.execute(sql, bind_params))

 
         results = nres.SearchResults()
         for row in rows:
             result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = self.penalty + self.categories.get_penalty((row.class_, row.type))
 
         results = nres.SearchResults()
         for row in rows:
             result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = self.penalty + self.categories.get_penalty((row.class_, row.type))

-            result.bbox = Bbox.from_wkb(row.bbox.data)
+            result.bbox = Bbox.from_wkb(row.bbox)

             results.append(result)
 
         return results
             results.append(result)
 
         return results


@@ -373,24 +405,25 @@ class CountrySearch(AbstractSearch):
         """
         t = conn.t.placex
 
         """
         t = conn.t.placex
 

-        sql = _select_placex(t)\
-                .where(t.c.country_code.in_(self.countries.values))\
-                .where(t.c.rank_address == 4)
+        ccodes = self.countries.values
+        sql: SaLambdaSelect = sa.lambda_stmt(lambda: _select_placex(t)\
+                .where(t.c.country_code.in_(ccodes))\
+                .where(t.c.rank_address == 4))

 
 

-        sql = _add_geometry_columns(sql, t.c.geometry, details)
+        if details.geometry_output:
+            sql = _add_geometry_columns(sql, t.c.geometry, details)

 
         if details.excluded:
 
         if details.excluded:

-            sql = sql.where(t.c.place_id.not_in(details.excluded))
+            sql = sql.where(_exclude_places(t))

 
         if details.viewbox is not None and details.bounded_viewbox:
 
         if details.viewbox is not None and details.bounded_viewbox:

-            sql = sql.where(t.c.geometry.intersects(details.viewbox.sql_value()))
+            sql = sql.where(lambda: t.c.geometry.intersects(VIEWBOX_PARAM))

 
         if details.near is not None and details.near_radius is not None:
 
         if details.near is not None and details.near_radius is not None:

-            sql = sql.where(t.c.geometry.ST_DWithin(details.near.sql_value(),
-                                                    details.near_radius))
+            sql = sql.where(_within_near(t))

 
         results = nres.SearchResults()
 
         results = nres.SearchResults()

-        for row in await conn.execute(sql):
+        for row in await conn.execute(sql, _details_to_bind_params(details)):

             result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = self.penalty + self.countries.get_penalty(row.country_code, 5.0)
             result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = self.penalty + self.countries.get_penalty(row.country_code, 5.0)


@@ -403,6 +436,12 @@ class CountrySearch(AbstractSearch):
                                       details: SearchDetails) -> nres.SearchResults:
         """ Look up the country in the fallback country tables.
         """
                                       details: SearchDetails) -> nres.SearchResults:
         """ Look up the country in the fallback country tables.
         """

+        # Avoid the fallback search when this is a more search. Country results
+        # usually are in the first batch of results and it is not possible
+        # to exclude these fallbacks.
+        if details.excluded:
+            return nres.SearchResults()
+

         t = conn.t.country_name
         tgrid = conn.t.country_grid
 
         t = conn.t.country_name
         tgrid = conn.t.country_grid
 


@@ -413,10 +452,9 @@ class CountrySearch(AbstractSearch):
                 .group_by(tgrid.c.country_code)
 
         if details.viewbox is not None and details.bounded_viewbox:
                 .group_by(tgrid.c.country_code)
 
         if details.viewbox is not None and details.bounded_viewbox:

-            sql = sql.where(tgrid.c.geometry.intersects(details.viewbox.sql_value()))
+            sql = sql.where(tgrid.c.geometry.intersects(VIEWBOX_PARAM))

         if details.near is not None and details.near_radius is not None:
         if details.near is not None and details.near_radius is not None:

-            sql = sql.where(tgrid.c.geometry.ST_DWithin(details.near.sql_value(),
-                                                        details.near_radius))
+            sql = sql.where(_within_near(tgrid))

 
         sub = sql.subquery('grid')
 
 
         sub = sql.subquery('grid')
 


@@ -429,7 +467,7 @@ class CountrySearch(AbstractSearch):
                 .join(sub, t.c.country_code == sub.c.country_code)
 
         results = nres.SearchResults()
                 .join(sub, t.c.country_code == sub.c.country_code)
 
         results = nres.SearchResults()

-        for row in await conn.execute(sql):
+        for row in await conn.execute(sql, _details_to_bind_params(details)):

             result = nres.create_from_country_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = self.penalty + self.countries.get_penalty(row.country_code, 5.0)
             result = nres.create_from_country_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = self.penalty + self.countries.get_penalty(row.country_code, 5.0)


@@ -455,36 +493,38 @@ class PostcodeSearch(AbstractSearch):
         """ Find results for the search in the database.
         """
         t = conn.t.postcode
         """ Find results for the search in the database.
         """
         t = conn.t.postcode

+        pcs = self.postcodes.values

 
 

-        sql = sa.select(t.c.place_id, t.c.parent_place_id,
+        sql: SaLambdaSelect = sa.lambda_stmt(lambda:
+                sa.select(t.c.place_id, t.c.parent_place_id,

                         t.c.rank_search, t.c.rank_address,
                         t.c.postcode, t.c.country_code,
                         t.c.rank_search, t.c.rank_address,
                         t.c.postcode, t.c.country_code,

-                        t.c.geometry.label('centroid'))\
-                .where(t.c.postcode.in_(self.postcodes.values))
+                        t.c.geometry.label('centroid'))
+                .where(t.c.postcode.in_(pcs)))

 
 

-        sql = _add_geometry_columns(sql, t.c.geometry, details)
+        if details.geometry_output:
+            sql = _add_geometry_columns(sql, t.c.geometry, details)

 
         penalty: SaExpression = sa.literal(self.penalty)
 
         if details.viewbox is not None:
             if details.bounded_viewbox:
 
         penalty: SaExpression = sa.literal(self.penalty)
 
         if details.viewbox is not None:
             if details.bounded_viewbox:

-                sql = sql.where(t.c.geometry.intersects(details.viewbox.sql_value()))
+                sql = sql.where(t.c.geometry.intersects(VIEWBOX_PARAM))

             else:
             else:

-                penalty += sa.case((t.c.geometry.intersects(details.viewbox.sql_value()), 0.0),
-                                   (t.c.geometry.intersects(details.viewbox_x2.sql_value()), 1.0),
+                penalty += sa.case((t.c.geometry.intersects(VIEWBOX_PARAM), 0.0),
+                                   (t.c.geometry.intersects(VIEWBOX2_PARAM), 1.0),

                                    else_=2.0)
 
         if details.near is not None:
             if details.near_radius is not None:
                                    else_=2.0)
 
         if details.near is not None:
             if details.near_radius is not None:

-                sql = sql.where(t.c.geometry.ST_DWithin(details.near.sql_value(),
-                                                        details.near_radius))
-            sql = sql.order_by(t.c.geometry.ST_Distance(details.near.sql_value()))
+                sql = sql.where(_within_near(t))
+            sql = sql.order_by(t.c.geometry.ST_Distance(NEAR_PARAM))

 
         if self.countries:
             sql = sql.where(t.c.country_code.in_(self.countries.values))
 
         if details.excluded:
 
         if self.countries:
             sql = sql.where(t.c.country_code.in_(self.countries.values))
 
         if details.excluded:

-            sql = sql.where(t.c.place_id.not_in(details.excluded))
+            sql = sql.where(_exclude_places(t))

 
         if self.lookups:
             assert len(self.lookups) == 1
 
         if self.lookups:
             assert len(self.lookups) == 1


@@ -503,10 +543,10 @@ class PostcodeSearch(AbstractSearch):
 
 
         sql = sql.add_columns(penalty.label('accuracy'))
 
 
         sql = sql.add_columns(penalty.label('accuracy'))

-        sql = sql.order_by('accuracy')
+        sql = sql.order_by('accuracy').limit(LIMIT_PARAM)

 
         results = nres.SearchResults()
 
         results = nres.SearchResults()

-        for row in await conn.execute(sql.limit(details.max_results)):
+        for row in await conn.execute(sql, _details_to_bind_params(details)):

             result = nres.create_from_postcode_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = row.accuracy
             result = nres.create_from_postcode_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result.accuracy = row.accuracy


@@ -534,22 +574,23 @@ class PlaceSearch(AbstractSearch):
                      details: SearchDetails) -> nres.SearchResults:
         """ Find results for the search in the database.
         """
                      details: SearchDetails) -> nres.SearchResults:
         """ Find results for the search in the database.
         """

-        t = conn.t.placex.alias('p')
-        tsearch = conn.t.search_name.alias('s')
-        limit = details.max_results
+        t = conn.t.placex
+        tsearch = conn.t.search_name

 
 

-        sql = sa.select(t.c.place_id, t.c.osm_type, t.c.osm_id, t.c.name,
-                        t.c.class_, t.c.type,
-                        t.c.address, t.c.extratags,
-                        t.c.housenumber, t.c.postcode, t.c.country_code,
-                        t.c.wikipedia,
-                        t.c.parent_place_id, t.c.rank_address, t.c.rank_search,
-                        t.c.centroid,
-                        t.c.geometry.ST_Expand(0).label('bbox'))\
-                .where(t.c.place_id == tsearch.c.place_id)
+        sql: SaLambdaSelect = sa.lambda_stmt(lambda:
+                  sa.select(t.c.place_id, t.c.osm_type, t.c.osm_id, t.c.name,
+                            t.c.class_, t.c.type,
+                            t.c.address, t.c.extratags,
+                            t.c.housenumber, t.c.postcode, t.c.country_code,
+                            t.c.wikipedia,
+                            t.c.parent_place_id, t.c.rank_address, t.c.rank_search,
+                            t.c.centroid,
+                            t.c.geometry.ST_Expand(0).label('bbox'))
+                   .where(t.c.place_id == tsearch.c.place_id))

 
 
 
 

-        sql = _add_geometry_columns(sql, t.c.geometry, details)
+        if details.geometry_output:
+            sql = _add_geometry_columns(sql, t.c.geometry, details)

 
         penalty: SaExpression = sa.literal(self.penalty)
         for ranking in self.rankings:
 
         penalty: SaExpression = sa.literal(self.penalty)
         for ranking in self.rankings:


@@ -562,34 +603,36 @@ class PlaceSearch(AbstractSearch):
             sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.country_code.in_(self.countries.values))
 
         if self.postcodes:
             sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.country_code.in_(self.countries.values))
 
         if self.postcodes:

+            # if a postcode is given, don't search for state or country level objects
+            sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.address_rank > 9)

             tpc = conn.t.postcode
             tpc = conn.t.postcode

+            pcs = self.postcodes.values

             if self.expected_count > 1000:
                 # Many results expected. Restrict by postcode.
             if self.expected_count > 1000:
                 # Many results expected. Restrict by postcode.

-                sql = sql.where(sa.select(tpc.c.postcode)
-                                  .where(tpc.c.postcode.in_(self.postcodes.values))
+                sql = sql.where(lambda: sa.select(tpc.c.postcode)
+                                  .where(tpc.c.postcode.in_(pcs))

                                   .where(tsearch.c.centroid.ST_DWithin(tpc.c.geometry, 0.12))
                                   .exists())
 
             # Less results, only have a preference for close postcodes
             pc_near = sa.select(sa.func.min(tpc.c.geometry.ST_Distance(tsearch.c.centroid)))\
                                   .where(tsearch.c.centroid.ST_DWithin(tpc.c.geometry, 0.12))
                                   .exists())
 
             # Less results, only have a preference for close postcodes
             pc_near = sa.select(sa.func.min(tpc.c.geometry.ST_Distance(tsearch.c.centroid)))\

-                      .where(tpc.c.postcode.in_(self.postcodes.values))\
+                      .where(tpc.c.postcode.in_(pcs))\

                       .scalar_subquery()
                       .scalar_subquery()

-            penalty += sa.case((t.c.postcode.in_(self.postcodes.values), 0.0),
+            penalty += sa.case((t.c.postcode.in_(pcs), 0.0),

                                else_=sa.func.coalesce(pc_near, 2.0))
 
         if details.viewbox is not None:
             if details.bounded_viewbox:
                                else_=sa.func.coalesce(pc_near, 2.0))
 
         if details.viewbox is not None:
             if details.bounded_viewbox:

-                sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.centroid.intersects(details.viewbox.sql_value()))
+                sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.centroid.intersects(VIEWBOX_PARAM))

             else:
             else:

-                penalty += sa.case((t.c.geometry.intersects(details.viewbox.sql_value()), 0.0),
-                                   (t.c.geometry.intersects(details.viewbox_x2.sql_value()), 1.0),
+                penalty += sa.case((t.c.geometry.intersects(VIEWBOX_PARAM), 0.0),
+                                   (t.c.geometry.intersects(VIEWBOX2_PARAM), 1.0),

                                    else_=2.0)
 
         if details.near is not None:
             if details.near_radius is not None:
                                    else_=2.0)
 
         if details.near is not None:
             if details.near_radius is not None:

-                sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.centroid.ST_DWithin(details.near.sql_value(),
-                                                         details.near_radius))
-            sql = sql.add_columns(-tsearch.c.centroid.ST_Distance(details.near.sql_value())
+                sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.centroid.ST_DWithin(NEAR_PARAM, NEAR_RADIUS_PARAM))
+            sql = sql.add_columns(-tsearch.c.centroid.ST_Distance(NEAR_PARAM)

                                       .label('importance'))
             sql = sql.order_by(sa.desc(sa.text('importance')))
         else:
                                       .label('importance'))
             sql = sql.order_by(sa.desc(sa.text('importance')))
         else:


@@ -605,7 +648,7 @@ class PlaceSearch(AbstractSearch):
             hnr_regexp = f"\\m({'|'.join(self.housenumbers.values)})\\M"
             sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.address_rank.between(16, 30))\
                      .where(sa.or_(tsearch.c.address_rank < 30,
             hnr_regexp = f"\\m({'|'.join(self.housenumbers.values)})\\M"
             sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.address_rank.between(16, 30))\
                      .where(sa.or_(tsearch.c.address_rank < 30,

-                                  t.c.housenumber.regexp_match(hnr_regexp, flags='i')))
+                                   t.c.housenumber.op('~*')(hnr_regexp)))

 
             # Cross check for housenumbers, need to do that on a rather large
             # set. Worst case there are 40.000 main streets in OSM.
 
             # Cross check for housenumbers, need to do that on a rather large
             # set. Worst case there are 40.000 main streets in OSM.


@@ -616,18 +659,18 @@ class PlaceSearch(AbstractSearch):
             pid_list = array_agg(thnr.c.place_id) # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
             place_sql = sa.select(pid_list)\
                           .where(thnr.c.parent_place_id == inner.c.place_id)\
             pid_list = array_agg(thnr.c.place_id) # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
             place_sql = sa.select(pid_list)\
                           .where(thnr.c.parent_place_id == inner.c.place_id)\

-                          .where(thnr.c.housenumber.regexp_match(hnr_regexp, flags='i'))\
+                          .where(thnr.c.housenumber.op('~*')(hnr_regexp))\

                           .where(thnr.c.linked_place_id == None)\
                           .where(thnr.c.indexed_status == 0)
 
             if details.excluded:
                           .where(thnr.c.linked_place_id == None)\
                           .where(thnr.c.indexed_status == 0)
 
             if details.excluded:

-                place_sql = place_sql.where(thnr.c.place_id.not_in(details.excluded))
+                place_sql = place_sql.where(_exclude_places(thnr))

             if self.qualifiers:
                 place_sql = place_sql.where(self.qualifiers.sql_restrict(thnr))
 
             numerals = [int(n) for n in self.housenumbers.values if n.isdigit()]
             if self.qualifiers:
                 place_sql = place_sql.where(self.qualifiers.sql_restrict(thnr))
 
             numerals = [int(n) for n in self.housenumbers.values if n.isdigit()]

-            interpol_sql: SaExpression
-            tiger_sql: SaExpression
+            interpol_sql: SaColumn
+            tiger_sql: SaColumn

             if numerals and \
                (not self.qualifiers or ('place', 'house') in self.qualifiers.values):
                 # Housenumbers from interpolations
             if numerals and \
                (not self.qualifiers or ('place', 'house') in self.qualifiers.values):
                 # Housenumbers from interpolations


@@ -639,8 +682,8 @@ class PlaceSearch(AbstractSearch):
                                                                   numerals, details)
                                     ), else_=None)
             else:
                                                                   numerals, details)
                                     ), else_=None)
             else:

-                interpol_sql = sa.literal_column('NULL')
-                tiger_sql = sa.literal_column('NULL')
+                interpol_sql = sa.null()
+                tiger_sql = sa.null()

 
             unsort = sa.select(inner, place_sql.scalar_subquery().label('placex_hnr'),
                                interpol_sql.label('interpol_hnr'),
 
             unsort = sa.select(inner, place_sql.scalar_subquery().label('placex_hnr'),
                                interpol_sql.label('interpol_hnr'),


@@ -657,22 +700,23 @@ class PlaceSearch(AbstractSearch):
             if self.qualifiers:
                 sql = sql.where(self.qualifiers.sql_restrict(t))
             if details.excluded:
             if self.qualifiers:
                 sql = sql.where(self.qualifiers.sql_restrict(t))
             if details.excluded:

-                sql = sql.where(tsearch.c.place_id.not_in(details.excluded))
+                sql = sql.where(_exclude_places(tsearch))

             if details.min_rank > 0:
             if details.min_rank > 0:

-                sql = sql.where(sa.or_(tsearch.c.address_rank >= details.min_rank,
-                                       tsearch.c.search_rank >= details.min_rank))
+                sql = sql.where(sa.or_(tsearch.c.address_rank >= MIN_RANK_PARAM,
+                                       tsearch.c.search_rank >= MIN_RANK_PARAM))

             if details.max_rank < 30:
             if details.max_rank < 30:

-                sql = sql.where(sa.or_(tsearch.c.address_rank <= details.max_rank,
-                                       tsearch.c.search_rank <= details.max_rank))
+                sql = sql.where(sa.or_(tsearch.c.address_rank <= MAX_RANK_PARAM,
+                                       tsearch.c.search_rank <= MAX_RANK_PARAM))

             if details.layers is not None:
                 sql = sql.where(_filter_by_layer(t, details.layers))
 
             if details.layers is not None:
                 sql = sql.where(_filter_by_layer(t, details.layers))
 

+        sql = sql.limit(LIMIT_PARAM)

 
         results = nres.SearchResults()
 
         results = nres.SearchResults()

-        for row in await conn.execute(sql.limit(limit)):
+        for row in await conn.execute(sql, _details_to_bind_params(details)):

             result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result
             result = nres.create_from_placex_row(row, nres.SearchResult)
             assert result

-            result.bbox = Bbox.from_wkb(row.bbox.data)
+            result.bbox = Bbox.from_wkb(row.bbox)

             result.accuracy = row.accuracy
             if not details.excluded or not result.place_id in details.excluded:
                 results.append(result)
             result.accuracy = row.accuracy
             if not details.excluded or not result.place_id in details.excluded:
                 results.append(result)