3 The tokenizer is the component of Nominatim that is responsible for
4 analysing names of OSM objects and queries. Nominatim provides different
5 tokenizers that use different strategies for normalisation. This page describes
6 how tokenizers are expected to work and the public API that needs to be
7 implemented when creating a new tokenizer. For information on how to configure
8 a specific tokenizer for a database see the
9 [tokenizer chapter in the administration guide](../admin/Tokenizers.md).
11 ## Generic Architecture
13 ### About Search Tokens
15 Search in Nominatim is organised around search tokens. Such a token represents
16 string that can be part of the search query. Tokens are used so that the search
17 index does not need to be organised around strings. Instead the database saves
18 for each place which tokens match this place's name, address, house number etc.
19 To be able to distinguish between these different types of information stored
20 with the place, a search token also always has a certain type: name, house number,
23 During search an incoming query is transformed into a ordered list of such
24 search tokens (or rather many lists, see below) and this list is then converted
25 into a database query to find the right place.
27 It is the core task of the tokenizer to create, manage and assign the search
28 tokens. The tokenizer is involved in two distinct operations:
30 * __at import time__: scanning names of OSM objects, normalizing them and
31 building up the list of search tokens.
32 * __at query time__: scanning the query and returning the appropriate search
38 The indexer is responsible to enrich an OSM object (or place) with all data
39 required for geocoding. It is split into two parts: the controller collects
40 the places that require updating, enriches the place information as required
41 and hands the place to Postgresql. The collector is part of the Nominatim
42 library written in Python. Within Postgresql, the `placex_update`
43 trigger is responsible to fill out all secondary tables with extra geocoding
44 information. This part is written in PL/pgSQL.
46 The tokenizer is involved in both parts. When the indexer prepares a place,
47 it hands it over to the tokenizer to inspect the names and create all the
48 search tokens applicable for the place. This usually involves updating the
49 tokenizer's internal token lists and creating a list of all token IDs for
50 the specific place. This list is later needed in the PL/pgSQL part where the
51 indexer needs to add the token IDs to the appropriate search tables. To be
52 able to communicate the list between the Python part and the pl/pgSQL trigger,
53 the `placex` table contains a special JSONB column `token_info` which is there
54 for the exclusive use of the tokenizer.
56 The Python part of the tokenizer returns a structured information about the
57 tokens of a place to the indexer which converts it to JSON and inserts it into
58 the `token_info` column. The content of the column is then handed to the PL/pqSQL
59 callbacks of the tokenizer which extracts the required information. Usually
60 the tokenizer then removes all information from the `token_info` structure,
61 so that no information is ever persistently saved in the table. All information
62 that went in should have been processed after all and put into secondary tables.
63 This is however not a hard requirement. If the tokenizer needs to store
64 additional information about a place permanently, it may do so in the
65 `token_info` column. It just may never execute searches over it and
66 consequently not create any special indexes on it.
70 At query time, Nominatim builds up multiple _interpretations_ of the search
71 query. Each of these interpretations is tried against the database in order
72 of the likelihood with which they match to the search query. The first
73 interpretation that yields results wins.
75 The interpretations are encapsulated in the `SearchDescription` class. An
76 instance of this class is created by applying a sequence of
77 _search tokens_ to an initially empty SearchDescription. It is the
78 responsibility of the tokenizer to parse the search query and derive all
79 possible sequences of search tokens. To that end the tokenizer needs to parse
80 the search query and look up matching words in its own data structures.
84 The following section describes the functions that need to be implemented
85 for a custom tokenizer implementation.
88 This API is currently in early alpha status. While this API is meant to
89 be a public API on which other tokenizers may be implemented, the API is
90 far away from being stable at the moment.
92 ### Directory Structure
94 Nominatim expects two files for a tokenizer:
96 * `nominiatim/tokenizer/<NAME>_tokenizer.py` containing the Python part of the
98 * `lib-php/tokenizer/<NAME>_tokenizer.php` with the PHP part of the
101 where `<NAME>` is a unique name for the tokenizer consisting of only lower-case
102 letters, digits and underscore. A tokenizer also needs to install some SQL
103 functions. By convention, these should be placed in `lib-sql/tokenizer`.
105 If the tokenizer has a default configuration file, this should be saved in
106 the `settings/<NAME>_tokenizer.<SUFFIX>`.
108 ### Configuration and Persistance
110 Tokenizers may define custom settings for their configuration. All settings
111 must be prefixed with `NOMINATIM_TOKENIZER_`. Settings may be transient or
112 persistent. Transient settings are loaded from the configuration file when
113 Nominatim is started and may thus be changed at any time. Persistent settings
114 are tied to a database installation and must only be read during installation
115 time. If they are needed for the runtime then they must be saved into the
116 `nominatim_properties` table and later loaded from there.
118 ### The Python module
120 The Python module is expect to export a single factory function:
123 def create(dsn: str, data_dir: Path) -> AbstractTokenizer
126 The `dsn` parameter contains the DSN of the Nominatim database. The `data_dir`
127 is a directory in the project directory that the tokenizer may use to save
128 database-specific data. The function must return the instance of the tokenizer
129 class as defined below.
131 ### Python Tokenizer Class
133 All tokenizers must inherit from `nominatim.tokenizer.base.AbstractTokenizer`
134 and implement the abstract functions defined there.
136 ::: nominatim.tokenizer.base.AbstractTokenizer
140 ### Python Analyzer Class
142 ::: nominatim.tokenizer.base.AbstractAnalyzer
146 ### PL/pgSQL Functions
148 The tokenizer must provide access functions for the `token_info` column
149 to the indexer which extracts the necessary information for the global
150 search tables. If the tokenizer needs additional SQL functions for private
151 use, then these functions must be prefixed with `token_` in order to ensure
152 that there are no naming conflicts with the SQL indexer code.
154 The following functions are expected:
157 FUNCTION token_get_name_search_tokens(info JSONB) RETURNS INTEGER[]
160 Return an array of token IDs of search terms that should match
161 the name(s) for the given place. These tokens are used to look up the place
162 by name and, where the place functions as part of an address for another place,
163 by address. Must return NULL when the place has no name.
166 FUNCTION token_get_name_match_tokens(info JSONB) RETURNS INTEGER[]
169 Return an array of token IDs of full names of the place that should be used
170 to match addresses. The list of match tokens is usually more strict than
171 search tokens as it is used to find a match between two OSM tag values which
172 are expected to contain matching full names. Partial terms should not be
173 used for match tokens. Must return NULL when the place has no name.
176 FUNCTION token_get_housenumber_search_tokens(info JSONB) RETURNS INTEGER[]
179 Return an array of token IDs of house number tokens that apply to the place.
180 Note that a place may have multiple house numbers, for example when apartments
181 each have their own number. Must be NULL when the place has no house numbers.
184 FUNCTION token_normalized_housenumber(info JSONB) RETURNS TEXT
187 Return the house number(s) in the normalized form that can be matched against
188 a house number token text. If a place has multiple house numbers they must
189 be listed with a semicolon as delimiter. Must be NULL when the place has no
193 FUNCTION token_addr_street_match_tokens(info JSONB) RETURNS INTEGER[]
196 Return the match token IDs by which to search a matching street from the
197 `addr:street` tag. These IDs will be matched against the IDs supplied by
198 `token_get_name_match_tokens`. Must be NULL when the place has no `addr:street`
202 FUNCTION token_addr_place_match_tokens(info JSONB) RETURNS INTEGER[]
205 Return the match token IDs by which to search a matching place from the
206 `addr:place` tag. These IDs will be matched against the IDs supplied by
207 `token_get_name_match_tokens`. Must be NULL when the place has no `addr:place`
211 FUNCTION token_addr_place_search_tokens(info JSONB) RETURNS INTEGER[]
214 Return the search token IDs extracted from the `addr:place` tag. These tokens
215 are used for searches by address when no matching place can be found in the
216 database. Must be NULL when the place has no `addr:place` tag.
219 CREATE TYPE token_addresstoken AS (
225 FUNCTION token_get_address_tokens(info JSONB) RETURNS SETOF token_addresstoken
228 Return the match and search token IDs for explicit `addr:*` tags for the place
229 other than `addr:street` and `addr:place`. For each address item there are
230 three pieces of information returned:
232 * _key_ contains the type of address item (city, county, etc.). This is the
233 key handed in with the `address` dictionary.
234 * *match_tokens* is the list of token IDs used to find the corresponding
235 place object for the address part. The list is matched against the IDs
236 from `token_get_name_match_tokens`.
237 * *search_tokens* is the list of token IDs under which to search the address
238 item. It is used when no corresponding place object was found.
241 FUNCTION token_normalized_postcode(postcode TEXT) RETURNS TEXT
244 Return the normalized version of the given postcode. This function must return
245 the same value as the Python function `AbstractAnalyzer->normalize_postcode()`.
248 FUNCTION token_strip_info(info JSONB) RETURNS JSONB
251 Return the part of the `token_info` field that should be stored in the database
252 permanently. The indexer calls this function when all processing is done and
253 replaces the content of the `token_info` column with the returned value before
254 the trigger stores the information in the database. May return NULL if no
255 information should be stored permanently.
257 ### PHP Tokenizer class
259 The PHP tokenizer class is instantiated once per request and responsible for
260 analyzing the incoming query. Multiple requests may be in flight in
263 The class is expected to be found under the
264 name of `\Nominatim\Tokenizer`. To find the class the PHP code includes the file
265 `tokenizer/tokenizer.php` in the project directory. This file must be created
266 when the tokenizer is first set up on import. The file should initialize any
267 configuration variables by setting PHP constants and then require the file
268 with the actual implementation of the tokenizer.
270 The tokenizer class must implement the following functions:
273 public function __construct(object &$oDB)
276 The constructor of the class receives a database connection that can be used
277 to query persistent data in the database.
280 public function checkStatus()
283 Check that the tokenizer can access its persistent data structures. If there
284 is an issue, throw an `\Exception`.
287 public function normalizeString(string $sTerm) : string
290 Normalize string to a form to be used for comparisons when reordering results.
291 Nominatim reweighs results how well the final display string matches the actual
292 query. Before comparing result and query, names and query are normalised against
293 this function. The tokenizer can thus remove all properties that should not be
294 taken into account for reweighing, e.g. special characters or case.
297 public function tokensForSpecialTerm(string $sTerm) : array
300 Return the list of special term tokens that match the given term.
303 public function extractTokensFromPhrases(array &$aPhrases) : TokenList
306 Parse the given phrases, splitting them into word lists and retrieve the
309 The phrase array may take on two forms. In unstructured searches (using `q=`
310 parameter) the search query is split at the commas and the elements are
311 put into a sorted list. For structured searches the phrase array is an
312 associative array where the key designates the type of the term (street, city,
313 county etc.) The tokenizer may ignore the phrase type at this stage in parsing.
314 Matching phrase type and appropriate search token type will be done later
315 when the SearchDescription is built.
317 For each phrase in the list of phrases, the function must analyse the phrase
318 string and then call `setWordSets()` to communicate the result of the analysis.
319 A word set is a list of strings, where each string refers to a search token.
320 A phrase may have multiple interpretations. Therefore a list of word sets is
321 usually attached to the phrase. The search tokens themselves are returned
322 by the function in an associative array, where the key corresponds to the
323 strings given in the word sets. The value is a list of search tokens. Thus
324 a single string in the list of word sets may refer to multiple search tokens.